H Matthias,
Please check KB https://kb.juniper.net/InfoCenter/index?page=content&id=KB5049&actp=search for the event logs. Do you see the same error for this VPN?
If yes, then please configure firewall security policy and mobile VPN profile in such a way so that the IPs match.
OR, if you have only this policy based VPN then check the below settings:
get ike policy-checking
IKE Phase 2 ID payload checking is enabled <----
Try disabling it using command : unset ike policy-checking
rollback : set ike policy-checking
Thanks,
Vikas